Immune and Endocrine System

Updated 6/22/21 

Scientific Literature

The Neuro-Endocrine Immune  System 

The immune and the endocrine systems are critical organ systems that are also intricately linked to the nervous system and can profoundly impact reproduction, fetal development and function as well as cancer promotion/ prevention, infection defense, wound healing, neurologic function, metabolic homeostasis and aging. The immune system can also target the body’s own healthy tissues, which manifest as a variety of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Immune endocrinology is a research field that studies these connections and interplay with all other organ systems of the body. Hormones and neurotransmitters produced by different cells modulate a broad  variety of cellular and metabolic processes as well as each other. Interference with one of these systems can cause stimulation or suppression of the other leading to protection or injury.

Gender-Based Differences in the Immune and Nervous System

It is also of interest that there  is substantial evidence of gender-based differences in the immune response which lead to differences in  host immunity,  inflammatory gene expression and disease patterns.  Sex hormones are known to regulate immune function. Estrogen receptors are on cells throughout the body, not only in the reproductive organs.  In the brain, estrogen has been found to be neuro-protective and may reduce neurodegenerative diseases (Brann 2007) . It is a complex system to say the least.

Can Radio Frequency Radiation Alter the Neuroendocrine and Immune System? 

Researchers are learning about the complex effects of non-ionizing radiation on the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Some research has shown adverse effects on the thyroid function, immune system functioning and DNA repair within immune systems. Glucose metabolism in the brain can be affected acutely.  Cell membrane effects with alteration of calcium channels and creation of reactive oxygen species may be one reasonable mechanism as this appears to be a common toxic molecular response in many other studies which can have many physiologic effects.

Unfortunately, research is not always consistent in methods or outcomes, making definitive conclusions difficult.  We are now exposed to constant Wi Fi or cell tower signals at home, work and school thus studies looking at shorter exposure periods may not accurately assess the true biological risk. Recently, Frangopoulou (2018) demonstrated preliminary research on the hippocampus, involved in memory and behavior, revealing that 2 hours of exposure to typical cell phone radiation (at 5-17 V/M or about 10-100 µW/cm2) caused alteration of expression in 178 genes, “revealing an impact on genes involved in critical biological processes, such as cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, cell death, cell signaling, nervous system development and function, immune system response, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis.”  There is enough research (in vitro, in vivo, and occupational) to conclude that radiofrequency wireless radiation can cause alter the innate and adaptive immune response, likely causing immune suppression with long term exposure. More research is needed but precaution is warranted as we consider increasing the RFR we are already exposed to.

BioInitiative Report Color Graph of Disrupted Immune System Effects 

The Bioinitiative Report developed an easy to read color graph chart of studies of immune system effects and the level of radiofrequency radiation the immune effects are seen. One study showed effects at 0.0006 to 0.001 uW/cm2.

  BioInitiative Report abbreviated section of color chart of immune disruption and RFR

See also 

• Biological Mechanisms-Calcium Channels
• Biological Mechanisms- Oxidation
• Biological Mechanisms – DNA and RNA Effects
• Nervous System Effects

Endocrine  System 

• Effect of mobile phone radiation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and contextual fear memory in Wistar rat. (2020) Singh KV et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Mar 24.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212071/
• Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets.(2018) Masoumi A et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Sep;94(9):850-857. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913098
• Radiation from wireless technology elevates blood glucose and body temperature in 40-year-old type 1 diabetic male. (2017) Kleiber CE. Electromagn Biol Med. Volume 36, 2017 – Issue 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15368378.2017.1323762?tokenDomain=eprints&tokenAccess=uxRP4TEz9jM3mpBrAwAN&forwardService=showFullText&doi=10.1080%2F15368378.2017.1323762&doi=10.1080%2F15368378.2017.1323762&journalCode=iebm20https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15368378.2017.1323762?tokenDomain=eprints&tokenAccess=uxRP4TEz9jM3mpBrAwAN&forwardService=showFullText&doi=10.1080%2F15368378.2017.1323762&doi=10.1080%2F15368378.2017.1323762&journalCode=iebm20
• Short-Term Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Mobile Phone Jammers Decreases the Fasting Blood Sugar in Adult Male Rats. (2016)Shooli FS et al.  Biomed Phys Eng. 2016 Mar 1;6(1):27-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27026952/
• Long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices decreases plasma prolactin, progesterone, and estrogen levels but increases uterine oxidative stress in pregnant rats and their offspring. Yüksel M. Endocrine. 2016 May;52(2):352-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26578367
• Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathological disorder. (2015) Belpomme D.  Rev Environ Health. 2015;30(4):251-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613326
• Association of Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (RF-EMFR) Generated by Mobile Phone Base Stations With Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (2015) Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Nov 13;12(11):14519-28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26580639/
• The effects of exposure to 915 MHz radiofrequency identification on cerebral glucose metabolism in rat: a [F-18] FDG micro-PET study. (2013) Kim HS et al.  Int J Radiat Biol. 2013 Sep;89(9):750-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23581879
• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD RADIATION (EMFR) GENERATED BY ACTIVATED  MOBILE PHONES ON FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE. (2013) Meo SA and Rubeanns KA. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 2013;26(2):235–241. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/11/14519/htm
• How does long term exposure to base stations and mobile phones affect human hormone profiles? (2012). Eskander EF et al. Clin Biochem. 2012 Jan;45(1-2):157-61. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912011027330?via%3Dihub
•  Changes of Clinically Important Neurotransmitters Under the Influence of Modulated RF Fields- A Long-term Study Under Real-life Conditions (2011). Buchner K and Eger H.  https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7521095891.pdf
• Influence of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM-900 cellular telephones on the circadian patterns of gonadal, adrenal and pituitary hormones in men. (2008) Djeridane Y et al.  Radiat Res. 2008 Mar;169(3):337-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18302481
• Dirty Electricity Elevates Blood Sugar Among Electrically Sensitive Diabetics and May Explain Brittle Diabetes. (2008) Havas M. Electromagn Biol Med. 2008 Jun; 27(2): 135–146. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2557071/
• Chronic non-thermal exposure of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation alters thyroid hormones and behavior of male rats. (2008) Sinha RK et al. Int J Radiate Biol. 2008 Jun;84(6):505-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18470749  
• Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. (2005) Koyu A et al. Toxic Lett. 2005 Jul 4;157(3):257-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917150
• Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields at nonthermal SAR values on melatonin and body weight of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). (2007) Lerchl A et al. J Pineal Res. Oct 2007. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00522.x

Immune System

Compendiums on Immune System

• BioInitiative Report on Immune System. (2012) Prof. Yury Grigoriev, MD.Chairman Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. https://bioinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sec08_2012_Evidence_%20Effects_%20Immune_System.pdf
• GrigorievYG et al. (2010) Confirmation studies of Soviet research on immunological effects of microwaves: Russian immunology results. Bioelectromagnetics. Sept 20, 2010. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.20605
• BioInitiative Report Immune System (2007). Olle Johannson. https://bioinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sec08_2007_Evidence_%20Effects_%20Immune_System.pdf
  

  Immune System Scientific Research

• Radiofrequency EMF irradiation effects on pre-B lymphocytes undergoing somatic recombination. (2021)Ionita E et al. Nature. Scientific Reports. 1, Article number: 12651 (2021) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91790-3
• Effects of mobile phone radiation on certain hematological parameters.(2020) Christopher B et al Radiation Physics and Chemistry. Vol 166. January 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969806X19305481
• Electrohypersensitivity as a Newly Identified and Characterized Neurologic Pathological Disorder: How to Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent It. (2020)  Belpomme D and Irgaray P.Int J Mol Sci.  2020 Mar 11;21(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32168876
• Effects of a Single Head Exposure to GSM-1800 MHz Signals on the Transcriptome Profile in the Rat Cerebral Cortex: Enhanced Gene Responses Under Proinflammatory Conditions. (2020) Lameth J et al. Neurotox Res. 2020 Mar 21.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200527
• Effect of mobile phone radiation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and contextual fear memory in Wistar rat. (2020) Singh KV et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Mar 24.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212071/
• Immunotropic effects in cultured human blood mononuclear cells exposed to a 900 MHz pulse-modulated microwave field. (2020) Szymanski L et al.  J Radiat Res. 2020 Jan 23;61(1):27-33. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrz085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832654
• Microwaves from mobile phone induce reactive oxygen species but not DNA damage, preleukemic fusion genes and apoptosis in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. (2019) Durdik M et al. Scientific Reports. November 2019.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-52389-x
• Hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profile alterations triggered by acute exposure of mice to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation: An exploratory study. (2018) Frangopoulou AF et al. Brain Behav. 2018 Jun;8(6):e01001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29786969
•  Oxidative stress in electrohypersensitivity self-reporting patients: Results of a prospective in vivo investigation with comprehensive molecular analysis. (2018) Irigaray P. Int J Mol Med.. 2018 Oct; 42(4): 1885–1898. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108880/
• Exposure to 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields affects morphology, DNA-related Raman spectra and mitochondrial functions in human lymphs-monocytes. (2018)  Lasalvia M et al. PLoS One. 2018 Feb 20;13(2):e0192894. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29462174.
• Immune-Modulating Perspectives for Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Innate Immunity.  (2018) Rosada MM et al. Front. Public Health, 26 March 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00085/full
• Effect of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on hematological and biochemical parameters in male albino rats. (2018) Sani A et al. European J of Experimental Biology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325363366_Effects_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation_of_Mobile_Phones_on_Hematological_and_Biochemical_Parameters_in_Male_Albino_Rats
• Role of Mitochondria in the Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Reproductive Systems. (2018) Santini SJ et al. . Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Nov 8;2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30533171
• Effect of electromagnetic waves from mobile phone on immune status of male rats: possible protective role of vitamin D.(2017) Canadian Journal of Physiol Pharmacol. 2017 Feb;95(2):151-156. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901344
• Effects of electromagnetic fields exposure on the antioxidant defense system. (2017) Kıvrak EG et al. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017 Oct-Dec;5(4):167-176. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30023251
• Alterations of thymic morphology and antioxidant biomarkers in 60-day-old male rats following exposure to a continuous 900 MHz electromagnetic field during adolescence.(2017) Kulaber A et al. Biotech Histochem. 2017;92(5):331-337. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28598680
• The effect of Base Transceiver Station waves on some immunological and hematological factors in exposed persons. (2017) Taheri M et al. Hum Antibodies.  2017;25(1-2):31-37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911288https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911288
• Electrosmog and Autoimmune Disease. (2016) Marshall TG, Heil TJR. Immunol Res. Jul 13, 2016. Open Access: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12026-016-8825-7
• Immune responses of a wall lizard to whole-body exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. (2016) Mina D et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Volume 92, 2016. Issue 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09553002.2016.1135262?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=irab20
•  Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathological disorder. (2015) Belpomme D. Rev Environ Health. 2015;30(4):251-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613326
• Can prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field affect the morphology of the spleen and thymus, and alter biomarkers of oxidative damage in 21-day-old male rats? (2015) Hanci H. Biotech Histochem.  2015;90(7):535-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985826
• Effect of a 2.45-GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis in differentiated human HL-60 cells.  (2015) Koyama S et al. J Radiat Res.  2015 Jan; 56(1): 30–36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572595/
• Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on catalase, cytochrome P450 and nitric oxide synthase in erythro-leukemic cells. (2015) Patruno A et al. Life Sci. 2015 Jan 15;121:117-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498893
•  Reaction of the immune system to low-level RF/MW exposures. (2013) Szmigielski S. Sci Tot Environ.  2013 Jun 1;454-455:393-400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23562692
• In utero and early-life exposure of rats to a Wi-Fi signal: screening of immune markers in sera and gestational outcome.(2012)  Ait Aissa S et al. Bioelectromagnetis. 2012 Jul;33(5):410-2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22228576
• “Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Field on of Some Hematological Parameters in Mice,”  (2012) Alghamdi  M et al.Open Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 2 No. 2, 2012, pp. 30-42.https://m.scirp.org/papers/19684
• BioInitiative Report on Immune System. (2012) Prof. Yury Grigoriev, MD. Chairman Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.
  http://www.bioinitiative.org/report/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sec08_2012_Evidence_%20Effects_%20Immune_System.pdf
• Effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic field on immune functions in rats. (2012) Jin YB et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 012 Nov;88(11):814-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788572
•  Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Apoptosis in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Induced by 900 MHz Mobile Phone Radiation. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. (2012) Lu YS et al. Volume 2012. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2012/740280/
• Scientific basis for the Soviet and Russian radiofrequency standards for the general public. (2012) Repacholi M et al. Bioelectromagnetics 33:623–633, 2012. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.21742
• Impacts on Cells Mobility of Human Beings Due to Exposure to EMF Radiation. (2012) Tiwari R et al. Conf. on Advances in Electronics, Electrical and Computer Science Engineering— EEC 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236149819_Impacts_on_Cells_Mobility_of_Human_Beings_Due_to_Exposure_to_EMF_Radiation
• Non-thermal biomarkers of exposure to radiofrequency/microwave radiation.(2012)  Trosic I et al. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012;63 Supplement 1: 67-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548854
• Effects of a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on oxidative stress parameters in rat lymphoid organs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma. (2011) Aydin B et al. Akar A. Arch Med Res. 2011;42:261–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820603
• Maternal Exposure to Magnetic Fields During Pregnancy in Relation to the Risk of Asthma in Offspring. (2011) Li DK et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(10):945-950. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1107612
• Increased protein synthesis by cells exposed to a 1,800-MHz radio-frequency mobile phone electromagnetic Weld, detected by proteome prowling. (2010) Gerner C et al . Int Arch Occup Environ Health (2010) 83:691–702. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Protein-alterations-detected-in-Wbroblasts-legend-as-in-Table-1_tbl1_41420333
•  The effect of electromagnetic field on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. (2009) Atasoy A et al.Bratisl Lek Listy. 2009;110(9):526-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19827334
• Microwaves from UMTS/GSM mobile phones induce long-lasting inhibition of 53BP1/γ-H2AX DNA repair foci in human lymphocytes. (2009) Belyaev et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Volume 30, Issue 2, February 2009. Pages 129–141. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.20445/full
• Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3 kHz to 300 GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: A review of the recent literature. (2008) Jauchem J. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 211(1-2):1-29 · April 2008. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6146148_Effects_of_low-level_radio-frequency_3_kHz_to_300_GHz_energy_on_human_cardiovascular_reproductive_immune_and_other_systems_A_review_of_the_recent_literature
• Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment. (2009) Johansson O. Pathophysiology.   2009 Aug;16(2-3):157-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19398310
• Prolonged weakening of the geomagnetic field (GMF) affects the immune system of rats. (2008)  Roman A et al. Bio Electro Magnetics. 2009 Jan;30(1):21-8.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563735
•  Prolonged weakening of the geomagnetic field (GMF) affects the immune system of rats. (2008) Roman A et al. Bio Electro Magnetics. 2009 Jan;30(1):21-8.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563735
• Bioinitiative Report Immune System (2007). Olle Johannson. http://www.bioinitiative.org/report/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sec08_2007_Evidence_%20Effects_%20Immune_System.pdf
•  Embryonic oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis with special emphasis on diabetic embryopathy. (2007) Ornoy A. Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Jul;24(1):31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548185
•  Suppression of natural killer cell activity on Candida stellatoidea by a 50 Hz magnetic field. (2006) Canseven AG et al.Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25(2):79-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16771296
• Effects of GSM- modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on B-cell peripheral differentiation and antibody production. (2006) Nasta F et al. Radiat Res. 165(6):664-670. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16802866
• Immunotropic Influence of 900 MHz Microwave GSM Signal on Human Blood Immune Cells Activated in Vitro. (2006)  Stankiewicz W et al. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 25(1) 45-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595333
• 915 MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field affect chromatin conformation and 53BP1 foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons.(2005)  Belyaev IY. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005 Apr;26(3):173-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15768430
• Microwave Radiation From Cellular Phones Increases Allergen-Specific IgE Production. (2005) Kimata H. Allergy. 2005 Jun;60(6):838-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15876318/
• Microwaves from GSM mobile telephones affect 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons. (2005) Markova E et al.  Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Sep;113(9):1172-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140623
• Nonthermal GSM Microwaves Affect Chromatin Conformation in Human Lymphocytes Similar to Heat Shock. (2004) Sarimov R et al.  IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 32(4):1600 – 1608 · September 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3165836_Nonthermal_GSM_Microwaves_Affect_Chromatin_Conformation_in_Human_Lymphocytes_Similar_to_Heat_Shock
•   [Effect of low intensity and very high frequency electromagnetic radiation on occupationally exposed personnel].(2004) Yuan ZQ et al. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi.  2004 Aug;22(4):267-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15355705
• Teratogenic effect of broad-band electromagnetic field on neonatal mice (Mus musculus). (2003) Gagnon ZE et al.  J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2003;38(11):2465-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14533916
• Immunotropic effects in cultured human blood mononuclear cells pre-exposed to low- level 1300 MHz pulse-modulated microwave field. (2003) Dabrowski MP et al Biol. Med. 22:1-13. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/JBC-120020347
• Enhancement of Allergic Skin Wheal Responses in Patients With Atopic Eczema/Dermatitis Syndrome by Playing Video Games or by a Frequently Ringing Mobile Phone. (2003) Kimata H. Eur J CliniInvest. 2003 Jun;33(6):513-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12795649/
• Enhancement of Allergic Skin Wheal Responses and in Vitro Allergen-Specific IgE Production by Computer-Induced Stress in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis. (2003) Kimata H. Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Apr;17(2):134-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12676575/
• Cellular phone dermatitis with chromate allergy. (2003)  Seishima M, Oyama Z, Oda M.207(1):48-50, 2003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12835548
• Enhancement of Allergic Skin Wheal Responses by Microwave Radiation From Mobile Phones in Patients With Atopic Eczema/Dermatitis Syndrome. (2002)Kimata H. Int Arch Allergy Immunol.   2002 Dec;129(4):348-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12483040/
• [Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity] (2002) Kolomytseva MP et al. [Article in Russian]. Biofizika. 47(1):71-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11855293
• [Effect of electromagnetic radiation on T-lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin level in human blood serum after occupational exposure]. (2001) Bergier L et al. Med Pr. 1990;41(4):211-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2131394
• Effects of electromagnetic fields produced by radio television broadcasting stations on the immune system of women. (2001).Boscolo P et al. Science of The Total Environment. 273(1-3):1-10 · July 2001. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11920028_Effects_of_electromagnetic_fields_produced_by_radio_television_broadcasting_stations_on_the_immune_system_of_women
•  [Effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity on parameters of humoral immunity in healthy mice.]  (2001) Lushnikov KV et al. [Article in Russian]. Biofizika 46(4):753-760. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11558390
• Cytogenetic studies in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to radiofrequency radiation at a cellular telephone frequency (835.62 MHz, FDMA). (2001)  Vijayalaxmi et al. Radiat Res. 2001 Jan;155(1 Pt 1):113-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11121222
• The effects of broad-band electromagnetic field exposure on mice (Mus musculus). (2000) Gagnon ZE et al.Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. Volume 35, Issue 3, 2000.  http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a906773614
• A theoretical model based upon mast cells and histamine to explain the recently proclaimed sensitivity to electric and/or magnetic fields in humans. (2000) Gangi, S., Johansson, O.Med Hypotheses 54: 663-671. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10859662
• [Stimulation of murine natural killer cells by weak electromagnetic waves in the centimeter range]. (1999) Fesenko EE et al.  1999 Jul-Aug;44(4):737-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10544828
• Microwaves and cellular immunity. I. Effect of whole body microwave irradiation on tumor necrosis factor production in mouse cells. (1999)  Fesenko EE et al.  BioelectrochemBioenerg 49(1):29-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619445
• [The effect of various occupational exposures to microwave radiation on the concentrations of immunoglobulins and T lymphocyte subsets] (1999) Moszczynski P et al. [Article in Polish]. Wiad Lek 52(1-2):30-34.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10335122
•   [Levels of immunoglobulin and subpopulations of T lymphocytes and NK cells in men occupationally exposed to microwave radiation in frequencies of 6-12 GHz] (1998.) Dmoch A, Moszczynski P[Article in Polish]. Med Pr 49(1):45-49. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9587910
• Natural killer cell activity reduced by microwave exposure during pregnancy is mediated by opioid systems. (1998) Nakamura, H et al. Environ Res 79(2):106-13. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393519893866X
• (1998). The effect of ultrahigh-frequency radiation on adaptation thresholds and the damages to blood system cells. (1998) Obukhan KI,  [Article in Ukrainian]. Lik Sprava (7):71-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050464
• Skin changes in “screen dermatitis” versus classical UV- and ionizing irradiation-related damage–similarities and differences. Two neuroscientists’ speculative review.  (1997) Gangi, S., Johansson, O. Exp Dermatol 6: 283-291. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9412815
• Effects of exposure to microwaves on cellular immunity and placental steroids in pregnant rats. (1997) Nakamura, H et al.  Occup Environ Med 54(9):676-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9423582
•  Effect of isothermal radiofrequency radiation on cytolytic T lymphocytes.  (1996) Cleary SF et al FASEB J 10(8):913-919. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8666169
• Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves. (1996) Elekes E et al.  Bioelectromagnetics. 1996;17(3):246-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8809365
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• OxInflammation: From Subclinical Condition to Pathological Biomarker. (2018) Valacchi G et al. Front Physiol. July 9, 2018; 9: 858. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046448/
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• [The environment and autoimmunity–from external causes to inner conflicts].  (2001) Gebbers JO. (2001) Gebbers JO. Praxis (Bern 1994).  2001 Nov 1;90(44):1913-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721304
• The process of aging changes the interplay of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems.(2001) Straub RH et al. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 30;122(14):1591-611. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511399
• Cytokines and hormones as possible links between endocrinosenescence and immunosenescence. (2000) Straub RH et al. J Nueroimmunol.  2000 Sep 1;109(1):10-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511399
• The relationship between the immune and endocrine systems. (1997)  Chryssikopoulos A. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Jun 17;816:83-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9238258

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