Updated 6/9/20
This write up is a section from our Eyes, Sleep and Skin Effects page. References for Melatonin follow this short synopsis.
Blue Light from Digital Devices Blocks Melatonin, Sleep and Shifts the Circadian Clock
Government agencies state that it is now essentially proventhat use of digital devices at night such as cell phones, tablets, computers and TV’s with LED lighting and even overhead LED lighting, can interrupt human sleep patterns as they emit blue light frequencies. Blue light hits receptors in retinal ganglion cells which send a message to the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, the seat of the central circadian clock. This retinal clock then sends the message to the rest of the body in order to synchronize all of the biological functions with the day/night cycle (ANES 2019). The secretion of the sleep signaling hormone melatonin by the pineal gland occurs only in darkness and is suppressed by blue light, thus altering the circadian rhythm.
West (2011) demonstrated that the strongest melatonin response was between 446 nm and 477 nm. In a recent study by UCSF, Direct Measurements of Smartphone Screen-Time: Relationships with Demographics and Sleep. scientists concluded,”Longer average screen-times during bedtime and the sleeping period were associated with poor sleep quality, decreased sleep efficiency, and longer sleep onset latency.” A other recent study by Chindamo (2019), Sleep and new media usage in toddlers, found everyday use of a tablet or smartphone raised the odds of a shorter total sleep time and a longer sleep onset latency. Excess screen time is also associated with other health issues as described in this paper by Kenny(2017), United States Adolescents’ Television, Computer, Videogame, Smartphone, and Tablet Use: Associations with Sugary Drinks, Sleep, Physical Activity, and Obesity.
Circadian Shifts With Blue Light
A Harvard study found that blue light suppressed melatonin for about twice as long as the green light and shifted circadian rhythms by twice as much as green light. The circadian shift was 3 hours for blue light and 1.5 hours for green light.
A study by Chang (2015), Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness,demonstrated that these LED devices can shift our natural sleep clock. The researches compared 2 groups of participants. One group read an e-book with LED (peak 450nm) lighting 4 hours before bed and the second group read a printed book again 4 hours before bed. In the e readers they found lower melatonin levels, less REM sleep and after 5 days they demonstrated a 1.5 hour phase shift in circadian clock., thus it took longer for them to fall asleep. Although at night the e readers were more alert, in the morning they were less alert. The researchers conclude, “Our findings provide evidence that the electric light to which we are exposed between dusk and bedtime has profound biological effects.”
Unborn Babies at Risk From Blue Light
Although blue light does not directly reach the fetus, scientists have found that the maternal reduction in melatonin, a potent internally produced antioxidant, may affect fetal neurodevelopment and be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Jin 2018). Studies have shown that melatonin is a critical hormone that is neuropcrotecive in ASD and also protects from DNA damage.(Braam 2018) showed that melatonin “levels were significantly lower in mothers with an ASD child.”
Reiter (2013) notes that melatonin serves and important role in reproduction.” Melatonin is a multifaceted molecule with direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant activities. Melatonin is produced in both the ovary and in the placenta where it protects against molecular mutilation and cellular dysfunction arising from oxidative/nitrosative stress….Optimal circadian rhythmicity in the mother is important since her circadian clock, either directly or indirectly via the melatonin rhythm, programs the developing master oscillator of the fetus.” Disrupted melatonin cycles are associated with disturbances in behavior in the newborn.
Hsu (2020) reviewed the literature and concludes that reduction in maternal melatonin could affect signaling pathways, predisposing the fetus to a number of adult chronic health conditions. They describe the critical role that melatonin plays in development. Melatonin receptors are present in many tissues in the human fetal brain. Although the fetal pineal gland does not secrete melatonin until after birth, maternal pineal melatonin does cross the placenta. Maternal light signals thus can be transferred to the fetus. The biological clock is run by a complex system of molecular signals affecting transcription and stress pathways. The authors note, “Placenta-derived melatonin acts as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine hormone in a non-circadian fashion…Placenta-derived melatonin not only acts with the MT1 and MT2 receptors but also directly scavenges free radicals, which reduce oxidative damage to placental tissues.”
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on LED Lights 2019
ANES, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety published an extensive independent report on the “effects on human health and the environment (fauna and flora) systems using light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
They noted, “Over the past few decades, humans have considerably increased their exposure to blue light in the evening with artificial lighting and backlights rich in blue light…the Working Group’s experts consider that the risk of circadian disruption associated with exposure to blue-rich LED lights in the evening or at night is high. In particular, exposure before bedtime to LED lighting or screens from televisions or communication technologies enriched with blue light is likely to adversely affect sleep duration and quality and impact cognitive functions.” Their 2019 report is here- 5G ANSES French Study Blue Light 2020.
Doctors Warn That LED City Street Lights Blue Spectrum Can Cause Sleep Disruption
In 2016 the American Medical Association warned cities that the new energy efficient street light that were being installed to combat global climate change can harm the retina, affect circadian rhythms and sleep patterns. Studies have shown that brighter residential nighttime lighting is associated with sleep disruption. AMA Board Member Maya A. Babu, M.D., M.B.A states, “Despite the energy efficiency benefits, some LED lights are harmful when used as street lighting, The new AMA guidance encourages proper attention to optimal design and engineering features when converting to LED lighting that minimize detrimental health and environmental effects.”
News on Harm From LED Street Lamps
- AMA Adopts Guidance to Reduce Harm from High Intensity Street Lights. June 2016. https://www.ama-assn.org/ama-adopts-guidance-reduce-harm-high-intensity-street-lights
- Doctors issue warning about LED streetlights. June 2016. https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/21/health/led-streetlights-ama/index.html
- Hidden Blue Hazard? LED Lighting and Retinal Damage in Rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 2014. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/122-a81/
- Do ‘environmentally friendly’ LED lights cause BLINDNESS? 2013. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2324325/Do-environmentally-friendly-LED-lights-cause-BLINDNESS.html
Blue Light Blues: Melatonin Suppression and Breast Cancer
Blue light emitted from LED screens from computers, cell phones and tablets can inhibit melatonin production and alter circadian rhythms. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, produced in the pineal gland, and is also found in the retina where it modulates genes responsible for circadian rhythms via the ganglion cell layer (Blasiak 2016). Researchers have found photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the mammalian brain which are not related to image formation but direct circadian rhythms, pupil constriction and alertness through 465nm blue light Vandewalle(2018).
This cascade of biological effects contributes to a host of chronic disease states, including high blood pressure, depression and cancer.
Dr. David Blask and colleagues have conducted a series of studies showing that light suppresses melatonin leading to stimulation of breast cancer growth. When they grafted human MCF-7 breast cancer cell xenograft on mice and exposed one to light- light and the other to light-dark environments they found the light- light group had increased cancer cell growth rates. (Blask 2002) The International Agencyfor Cancer Research (IARC) classified shift work that involves circadian disruption as a “probable carcinogen”. (IARC 2007)
Smart Phones and Breast Cancer
Mortazavi et al (2018) reviewed the literature and concluded that the evidence is strong that blue light reduces the secretion of melatonin. The authors recommend that women who are genetically predisposed to breast cancer should avoid blue light exposures before sleep by avoiding blue light emitting screens and lighting, or using blue light blocking glasses.
Scientific Literature
Melatonin Effects of EMR and Light at Night
- Effects on human health and the environment (fauna and flora) of systems usinglight-emitting diodes (LEDs). (2019) French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/AP2014SA0253EN.pdf
- Impact of Light Exposure during Sleep on Cardiometabolic Function. (2018) Mason I et al. Sleep, Volume 41, April 2018, Pages A46. https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/41/suppl_1/A46/4988151?redirectedFrom=fulltext
- Women With Hereditary Breast Cancer Predispositions Should Avoid Using Their Smartphones, Tablets, and Laptops at Night. (2018)Mortazavi SA et al. IJBMS. 2018 Feb;21(2):112-115. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456806/
- Blocking Short-Wavelength Component of the Visible Light Emitted by Smartphones’ Screens Improves Human Sleep Quality. (2018) Mortazavi SAR. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2018 Dec 1;8(4):375-380. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30568927
- Strategies to decrease social jetlag: Reducing evening blue light advances sleep and melatonin. (2018) Zerbini G Eur J Neurosci. 2018 Dec 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30506899
- Effects of smartphone use with and without blue light at night in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled comparison. (2017) Jung-Yoon Heo et al. Journal of Psychiatric Research. Volume 87, April 2017 , Pages 61-70. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395616307786
- Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness.(2016) Anne-Marie Chang et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Nov 26, 2016. 112 no. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1232.abstract
- The Effects of Melatonin on Oxidative Stress Parameters and DNA Fragmentation in Testicular Tissue of Rats Exposed to Microwave Radiation. (2015) Sokolovic D et al. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015 May-Jun;24(3):429-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26467130
- Occupational electromagnetic field exposures associated with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study. (2014) Liu H et al. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 23;9(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340654
- Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar rats. (2014) Meena R et al. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014 Jun;33(2):81-91. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23676079
- Effect of mobile usage on serum melatonin levels among medical students. (2014) Shrivastava A, Saxena Y. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Oct-Dec;58(4):395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215007
- Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. (2014) Yogesh S et L. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Jan-Mar;58(1):100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25464686
- Is newborn melatonin production influenced by magnetic fields produced by incubators? (2012) Bellieni CV. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Aug;88(8):707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421197
- Melatonin modulates wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative injury through TRPM2 and voltage gated Ca(2+) channels in brain and dorsal root ganglion in rat. (2012) Nazıroğlu M et al. Physiol Behav. 2012;105(3):683–92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22019785
- The effect of melatonin on body mass and behaviour of rats during an exposure to microwave radiation from mobile phone. (2012) Sokolovic D et al. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2012;113(5):265-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22616582
- Melatonin as a most important factor of natural electromagnetic fields impacting patients with hypertensive disease and coronary heart disease. Part 1]. (2011) Rapoport SI. Klin Med (Mosk). 2011;89(3):9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861395
- Circadian stage-dependent inhibition of human breast cancer metabolism and growth by the nocturnal melatonin signal: consequences of its disruption by light at night in rats and women. (2009) Blask DE1, Dauchy RT, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009 Dec;8(4):347-53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042410
- Is light-at-night a health risk factor or a health risk predictor? (2009) Kantermann T1, Roenneberg T. Chronobiol Int. 2009 Aug;26(6):1069-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731106
- Can disturbances in the atmospheric electric field created by powerline corona ions disrupt melatonin production in the pineal gland? (2008) HENSHAW D ET AL. Journal of Pineal Research. Oct 9, 2008. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00594.x
- Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. (2008) Sokolovic D. J Radiat Res. 2008 Nov;49(6):579-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18827438
- Circadian disruption, shift work and the risk of cancer: a summary of the evidence and studies in Seattle.(2006) Davis S et al. Cancer Causes Control. 2006 May;17(4):539-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596308
- Effects of 60-Hz magnetic field exposure on nocturnal 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, estrogens, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy reproductive-age women: results of a crossover trial. (2006) Davis S et al. Ann Epidemiol. 2006 Aug;16(8):622-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16458540
- Light during darkness and cancer: relationships in circadian photoreception and tumor biology. (2006) Jasser SA1, Blask DE, Brainard GC. Cancer Causes Control. 2006 May;17(4):515-23.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596305
- Protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: a comparative study.(2006) Ozguner F. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Jan;282(1-2):83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317515
- Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. (2005) Blask DE1, Brainard GC, Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;65(23):11174-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322268
- Putting cancer to sleep at night: the neuroendocrine/circadian melatonin signal. (2005) Blask DE1, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA. 2005 Jul;27(2):179-88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217131
- Do magnetic fields cause increased risk of childhood leukemia via melatonin disruption? (2005) Henshaw DL and Reiter RJ. Bioelectromagnetics. 005;Suppl 7:S86-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16059923
- Lighting for the human circadian clock: recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue. (2004) Pauley SM. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(4):588-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15325001
- Light during darkness, melatonin suppression and cancer progression. (2002) Blask DE1, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA, Krause JA, Brainard GC. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Jul;23 Suppl 2:52-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163849
- Melatonin metabolite excretion among cellular telephone users.(2002) Burch JB1, Reif JS, Noonan CW, Ichinose T, Bachand AM, Koleber TL, Yost MG.. Int J Radiat Biol. 2002 Nov;78(11):1029-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456290
- Melatonin inhibition of cancer growth in vivo involves suppression of tumor fatty acid metabolism via melatonin receptor-mediated signal transduction events. (1996) Blask DE. Cancer Res. 1999 Sep 15;59(18):4693-701. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10493527
- The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposures to melatonin and breast cancer risk: a review of the relevant literature. (1999) Brainard GC, Kavet R, Kheifets LI. J Pineal Res. 1999 Mar;26(2):65-100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10100735
- Dim light during darkness stimulates tumor progression by enhancing tumor fatty acid uptake and metabolism. (1999) Dauchy RT1, Blask DE, Sauer LA, Brainard GC, Krause JA. Cancer Lett. 1999 Oct 1;144(2):131-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10529012
- Chronic exposure to ELF fields may induce depression. (1998) Wilson BW et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 1988;9(2):195-205 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3288221
- Light contamination during the dark phase in “photoperiodically controlled” animal rooms: effect on tumor growth and metabolism in rats. (1997) Dauchy RT1, Sauer LA, Blask DE, Vaughan GM. Lab Anim Sci. 1997 Oct;47(5):511-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9355094
- Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. (1997) Lai, H, Singh, NP, Bioelectromagnetics 18(6):446-454, 1997a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9261542
- Melatonin suppression by static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: relationship to the reported increased incidence of cancer. (1994) Reiter RJ. Rev Environ Health. 1994 Jul-Dec;10(3-4):171-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724876
Melatonin, Electromagnetic Radiation and Sleep
- The potential for impact of man-made super low and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on sleep. (2019) Ohayon MM. Sleep Med Rev. 2019 Oct;47:28-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31252334
- Eight hours of nocturnal 915 MHz radiofrequency identification (RFID) exposure reduces urinary levels of melatonin and its metabolite via pineal arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in male rats. (2015) Kim HS et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2015;91(11):898-907. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26189731
- Self-reporting of symptom development from exposure to radiofrequency fields of wireless smart meters in victoria, australia: a case series. (2014) Lamech F. Altern There Health Med. 2014 Nov-Dec;20(6):28-39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25478801
- Occupational electromagnetic field exposures associated with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study. (2014) Liu H et al. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 23;9(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340654
- Pineal melatonin level disruption in humans due to electromagnetic fields and ICNIRP limits. (2013) Hagamuge MN. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2013 May; 154(4). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051584
- Is newborn melatonin production influenced by magnetic fields produced by incubators? (2012) Bellieni CV. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Aug;88(8):707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421197
- Melatonin as a most important factor of natural electromagnetic fields impacting patients with hypertensive disease and coronary heart disease. Part 1]. (2011) Rapoport SI. Klin Med (Mosk). 2011;89(3):9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861395
- The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on human sleep. (2005) Loughran SP et al. Neuroreport. 2005 Nov 28;16(17):1973-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16272890
- Melatonin suppression by static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: relationship to the reported increased incidence of cancer. (1994) Reiter RJ. Rev Environ Health. 1994 Jul-Dec;10(3-4_;171-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724876
- Electromagnetic fields and melatonin production. (1993) Reiter RJ. Biomed Pharacother 1993;47(10);439-44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8061243
- Chronic exposure to ELF fields may induce depression. (1998) Wilson BW et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 1988;9(2):195-205 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3288221
Other Related Research on Melatonin, Circadian Rhythms, Cancer Protection, Memory
- Human Gut Bacteria Are Sensitive to Melatonin and Express Endogenous Circadian Rhythmicity. (2016) Jiffin K. Paulose et al. PLOS. January 11, 2016. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146643
- Pathophysiology of sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes in children. (2013) Urbain C. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013 Aug;89(2):273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810995
- Melatonin suppresses aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer associated fibroblasts. (2012) Knower KC. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Apr;132(2):765-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237979
- Declining melatonin levels and MT1 receptor expression in aging rats is associated with enhanced mammary tumor growth and decreased sensitivity to melatonin. (2011) Hill SM., Blask D, Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011 May;127(1):91-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549340
- In this issue: circadian disruption and cancer. (2009) Block, K.I., Hrushesky, W., and Blask, D. Integ. Cancer Therap. 8:295-297, 2009 (Invited). http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1534735409355594
- Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk. (2009) Blask, D.E. Sleep Med. Revs. 13:257-264, 2009 (Invited). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095474
- Circadian stage-dependent inhibition of human breast cancer metabolism and growth by the nocturnal melatonin signal: consequences of its disruption by light at night in rats and women. (2009) Blask, D.E., Dauchy, R.T. Cancer Therap. 8:347-353, 2009 (Invited). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042410
- Antineoplastic effects of melatonin on a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin: melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism and growth in tissue-isolated human leiomyosarcoma xenografts. (2009) Dauchy, R.T., Blask, D.E. J Pineal Res., 47:32-42, 2009. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486272
- Antineoplastic effects of melatonin on a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin: melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism and growth in tissue-isolated human leiomyosarcoma xenografts. (2009) Dauchy RT1, Blask DE, Dauchy EM. J Pineal Res. 2009 Aug;47(1):32-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486272
- Inhibition of fatty acid transport and proliferative activity in tissue-isolated human squamous cell cancer xenografts perfused in situ with melatonin or eicosapentaenoic or conjugated linoleic acids. (2007) Dauchy RT, Dauchy EM. Blask D. Comp Med. 2007 Aug;57(4):377-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803052
- Effect of short-wave (6-22 MHz) magnetic fields on sleep quality and melatonin cycle in humans: the Schwarzenburg shut-down study. (2006) Altpeter ES et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006 Feb;27(2):142-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16342198
- Melatonin uptake and growth prevention in rat hepatoma 7288CTC in response to dietary melatonin: melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of tumor linoleic acid metabolism to the growth signaling molecule 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and the potential role of phytomelatonin. (2004) Blask DE. 2004 Jun;25(6):951-60. Epub 2004 Jan 30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754876
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids, melatonin, and cancer prevention. (2001) Sauer LA1, Dauchy RT, Blask DE. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001 Jun 15;61(12):1455-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11377374
- New actions of melatonin on tumor metabolism and growth. (1999) Blask DE. Biol Signals Recept. 1999 Jan-Apr;8(1-2):49-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10085462