Scientific Literature
Updated 3/24/23
The brain and nervous system are considered by many scientists to be the most sensitive target organ for microwave radiation. This is a partial list of morphologic and neurophysiologic nervous system effects from microwave radio frequency radiation. This includes damage to hippocampus (spatial memory) and cerebellar structures, impairment of long-term potentiation (involved in learning), decrease in neurotransmitter concentrations (mood), reduction in synaptic vesicle number, demyelination (nerve cell protection), oxidative stress, DNA damage and stem cell injury with disruption of development. Behavioral changes are also included. Dr. Henry Lai published a comprehensive summary of the literature in a chapter, Neurobiological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation, published in Mobile Communications and Public Health(2018) pg 187-222.
Pregnant Women and Children are More Vulnerable to Harm
There are critical periods of vulnerability in the complex development of the brain which can be damaged resulting in significant varied effects on mature brain function. Pregnant women and young children are especially susceptible to harm from exposure to all toxic substances, including radio frequency radiation, however young adults are also at risk as brain development is not complete in the human until about age 26. Disorders of learning, memory and behavior have been found in these studies with prenatal exposure. The child and adolescent brain continue to mature and are vulnerable as well. Damage to learning and memory can occur throughout development with hippocampus damage. The elderly who may have diminished neural functioning are also more vulnerable to harm. With long term use there is an increased risk of cancer with exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Those with a chronic illness or significant prior toxic exposure are also at risk and may be more likely to develop electrohypersensitivity.
Neurologic injury includes:
- Oxidative Stress
- Demyelination of nerves
- Alternation of neurotransmitters
- Hormonal changes
- Hippocampus alterations
- Memory loss
- Neurodegeneration
- Blood brain barrier opening
Relevant review articles on brain development and toxic exposures are included at the end of this list.
Seizures and Radiofrequency Radiation – Also note several articles on Seizures are listed separately at the end of this page. Here are short links- Azmy (2020) ; Bonilla-Jaime H et al (2021); Cinar N et al (2013) ; Goldberg-Stern H et al. (2102); Kouchaki (2016); Lopez-Martin E et al (2009); Lopez-Martin E et al (2006)
Tik Tok Tics in Teenagers- This new pandemic of tic in teenagers is now recognized but are they related to the radiofrequency radiation from the device itself and not just psychogenic? Dr. Robert Turner, pediatric neurologist and founder of Network Neurology Health, discusses EEG changes in those with tics reported from Tik Tok and explains how these appear to be from light or radiofrequency radiation from the device itself.
Tik Tok Tics Tik Tok Tics & EMF-Related Health Problems by Dr. Robert Turner. 2022.
See also:
- Behavior, Memory and Learning Scientific Literature
- Blood Brain Barrier Scientific Literature
- Brain Tumors Scientific Literature
- Neurodegeneration Scientific Literature
Review Articles
- Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Neurotransmitters in the Brain.(2021)Hu C et al. Front. Public Health. Aug 17, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.691880/full?&utm_source=Email_to_rerev_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e4_reviewer&utm_campaign=Email_publication&journalName=Frontiers_in_Public_Health&id=691880
- A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing radiation.(2018) Leach V. Reviews on Environmental Health. (2018) Volume 33, Issue 3. June 6, 2018. https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2018.33.issue-3/reveh-2018-0017/reveh-2018-0017.xml
Newest Articles
- Acute radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure impairs neurogenesis and causes neuronal DNA damage in the young rat brain (2023) Singh KV et al. Neurotoxicology. Vol 94. January 2023. PG 46-58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0161813X22001747
- Evidence of the radiofrequency exposure on the antioxidant status potentially contributing to the inflammatory response and demyelination in rat brain. (2022) Sharma A et al. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 11 June 2022. 103903. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668922000965?via%3Dihub
- Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Neurotransmitters in the Brain.(2021)Hu C et al. Front. Public Health. Aug 17, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.691880/full?&utm_source=Email_to_rerev_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e4_reviewer&utm_campaign=Email_publication&journalName=Frontiers_in_Public_Health&id=691880
- Association between estimated whole-brain radiofrequency electromagnetic fields dose and cognitive function in preadolescents and adolescents. (2021) Cabre- Riera A et al. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol 231. January 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463920306052
- Estimated whole-brain and lobe-specific radiofrequency electromagnetic fields doses and brain volumes in preadolescents. (2020) Cabre- Riera A et al. Environment International. Vol 142. Sept 2020.
- Delayed-Onset multiphasic demyelinating lesions after high dose radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: A multiple sclerosis (MS) mimic. (2020) Raefsky SM et al. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Jun 20;45:102318. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32622299/
- Effects of mobile phones electromagnetic radiation on patients with epilepsy: an EEG study. (2020) Azmy R eat al. Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 56(1):36. Mar 16, 2020. https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s41983-020-00167-2
- Effects of a Single Head Exposure to GSM-1800 MHz Signals on the Transcriptome Profile in the Rat Cerebral Cortex: Enhanced Gene Responses Under Proinflammatory Conditions. (2020) Lameth J et al. Neurotox Res. 2020 Mar 21.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200527
- Effect of electromagnetic radiation on redox status, acetylcholine esterase activity and cellular damage contributing to the diminution of the brain working memory in rats.(2020) Sharma S et al. J Chem Neuroanat. 2020 Mar 20:101784. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32205214/
- Assessment of electromagnetic fields, vibration and sound exposure effects from multiple transceiver mobile phones on oxidative stress levels in serum, brain and heart tissue. (2020) Usman JD et al. Scientific African. Vol 7. March 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227620300090
- Impact of Cerebral Radiofrequency Exposures on Oxidative Stress and Corticosterone in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. (2020) Bouji M et al. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2020;73(2):467-476. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31796670/
- Decreased dopamine in Striatum and difficult locomotor recovery from MTPT insult exposure after to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Kim JH et al. Scientific Reports. , Article number: 1201 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37874-z
- Mobile phone induced cognitive and neurochemical consequences. (2019) Sharma A et al. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Vol 102. December 2019. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0891061819301024
- Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. (2019) Alkis ME et al. Electromagn Biol Med. 2019;38(1):32-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30669883
- Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System. (2019) Kim JH et al. Biomol There (Seoul). 2019 May; 27(3): 265–275. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513191/
- Are rises in Electro-Magnetic Field in the human environment, interacting with multiple environmental pollutions, the tripping point for increases in neurological deaths in the Western World? (2019) Pritchard C et al. Medical Hypothesis. Volume 127. June 2019. Pages 76-83. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987719300040?fbclid=IwAR3N9av6NzSVGUFSkgtLBS0yYZb_9tpgVs7aOojSLxqozM5ko3Qh9-7x3tQ
- The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves on neuronal response properties in rat barrel cortex. (2019) Sistani Set al. Somatosens Mot Res. 2019 Nov 13:1-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31718372
- Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. (2018) Forster M et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Jul 23;126(7):077007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108834/
- Hippocampal alterations triggered by acute exposure of mice to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation. (2018) Fragopoulou AF. Brain Behav. 2018 May 22:e01001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29786969
- 2450 MHz EMR exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction & activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats. (2018) Gupta SK et al. J Biosciences. June 2018, Vol 43, pg 263. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12038-018-9744-7
- A histopathological and biochemical evaluation of oxidative injury in the sciatic nerves of male rats exposed to a continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field throughout all periods of adolescence. (2018) Kerimoğlu G et al. J Chem Neuroanat. 2018 Sep;91:1-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29331319
- Exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field induces autophagy in hippocampus but not in brain stem of mice. (2018) Kim JH et al.. Toxicol Ind Health. 2018 Jan;34(1):23-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29166827
- A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing radiation.(2018) Leach V. Reviews on Environmental Health. (2018) Volume 33, Issue 3. June 6, 2018. https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2018.33.issue-3/reveh-2018-0017/reveh-2018-0017.xml
- Mobile Phone Base Station Tower Settings Adjacent to School Buildings: Impact on Students’ Cognitive Health. Meo SA et al. American Journal of Men’s Health. December 7, 2018. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557988318816914
- Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure effects on amygdala morphology, place preference behavior and brain caspase-3 activity in rats. (2018) Narayanan SN et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;58:220-229. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29413766
- 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Hippocampal Learning and Spatial Memory: Involvement of Local Stress Mechanism-Induced Suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB Signaling. (2018) Shahain S et al. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Feb 1;161(2):349-374. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069439
- Rats exposed to 2.45GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioral changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3. (2018) Varghese R et al. 2018 Mar;25(1):19-304. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153770
Published Articles Nervous System Effects
- Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child behavior problems in five birth cohorts. (2017). International Society for Environmental Epidemiology. Environ Int. 2017 Jul;104:122-131 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28392066
- Effects of short and long term electromagnetic fields exposure on the human hippocampus. (2017) Deniz OG et al. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. Volume 5 Issue 4, December 2017 , Pages 191-197. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213879X17300524
- Mechanism of low-level microwave radiation effect on nervous system. (2017) Hinrikus H et al. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. Vol 36, 2017. Issue 2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15368378.2016.1251451
- RAPD Profiling, DNA Fragmentation, and Histomorphometric Examination in Brains of Wistar Rats Exposed to Indoor 2.5 GHz Wi-Fi Devices Radiation. (2017) Ibitayo AO et al. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:8653286. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5585657/
- Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. (2017) Othman H et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Apr 22;52:239-247. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28458069
- Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45GHz) on postnatal development and and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint. (2017) Othman H et al., Behave Brain Res. 2017 Mar 10;326:291-302. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288806
- Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice. (2017) Kim JH, Yu DH, Huh YH, Lee EH, Kim HG, Kim HR.. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 20;7:41129 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41129
- Activation of autophagy at cerebral cortex and apoptosis at brainstem are differential responses to 835 MHz RF-EMF exposure. (2017) Kim JH et al. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017 Mar;21(2):179-188. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280411
- The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. (2017) Hassanshahi A et al. Neurol Sci. 2017 Mar 22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28332042
- Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing? (2017) Ediz Yorgancilar et al. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, Volume 31, 2017 – Issue 6. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033
- Effects of 1.8 GHz Radiofrequency Fields on the Emotional Behavior and Spatial Memory of Adolescent Mice. (2017) Zhang JP Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Nov 5;14(11) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29113072
- Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. (2017) Zhi WJ et al. Military Medical Research.4, Article number: 29 (2017). September 21, 2017. https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0
- Oxidative stress of brain and liver is increased by Wi-Fi (2.45GHz) exposure of rats during pregnancy and the development of newborns. (2016) Çelik Ö. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 Sep;75(Pt B):134-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520617
- Effect of Low Level Subchronic Microwave Radiation on Rat Brain.(2016) Deshmukh PS, Megha K, Nasare N, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Abegaonkar MP, Tripathi AK, Mediratta PK. Effect of Low Level Subchronic Microwave Radiation on Rat Brain. Biomed Environ Sci. Dec;29(12):858-867. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089539881730003X
- Neurodegenerative changes and apoptosis induced by intrauterine and extrauterine exposure of radiofrequency radiation. (2016) Guler G. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 Sep;75(Pt B):128-33. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520616
- Mechanism of low-level microwave radiation effect on nervous system. (2016) Hinrikus,H. Electromagn Biol Med.2016 Nov 22:1-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27874295
- Biochemical and histological studies on adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on rat’s brain. (2016) Hussein S et al. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 Dec;78:10-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27474378
- Exacerbation of demyelinating syndrome after exposure to wireless modem with public hotspot. Case report. (2016) Johansson O, Redmayne M. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. Jun 29, 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378.2015.1107839
- Adverse effects in lumbar spinal cord morphology and tissue biochemistry in Sprague Dawley male rats following exposure to a continuous 1-h a day 900-MHz electromagnetic field throughout adolescence. (2016) Kerimoğlu G. J Chem Neuroanat. Dec;78:125-130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27650207
- Pernicious effects of long-term, continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field throughout adolescence on hippocampus morphology, biochemistry and pyramidal neuron numbers in 60-day-old Sprague Dawley male rats. (2016) Kerimoğlu G. jchemneu..07.004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27430379
- Induction of Autophagy in the Striatum and Hypothalamus of Mice after 835 MHz Radiofrequency Exposure. (2016) Kim JH. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 13;11(4):e0153308. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073885
- Effects of Long Term Exposure of 900-1800 MHz Radiation Emitted from 2G Mobile Phone on Mice Hippocampus- A Histomorphometric Study. (2016) Mugunthan N et al. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Aug; 10(8): AF01–AF06. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5028475/
- Maternal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field provokes neuronal loss and pathological changes in cerebellum of 32-day-old female rat offspring. (2016) Odacı E. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 Sep;75(Pt B):105-10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26391347
- Effects of 3 Hz and 60 Hz Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Anxiety-Like Behaviors, Memory Retention of Passive Avoidance and Electrophysiological Properties of Male Rats. (2016) Rostami A et al. J Lasers Med Sci Spring 2016;7(2):120-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27330708/
- The 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain. (2016) Sahin D et al. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 Sep;75(Pt B):94-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26775761/
- Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration affects anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. (2016) Shehu A et al. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Apr;31(2):355-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26546224
- The role of electromagnetic fields in neurological disorders.(2016) Terzi, M, Ozberk, B, Deniz, OG, Kaplan, S. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. http://1.usa.gov/1SVOa2g
- Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. (2015) Dasdag et al. Int J Radiat Biol 2015 Jul; 9(17):555-561. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25775055?dopt=Abstract
- Effect of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (Emfs) on Monoamine Neurotransmitters of Newborn Rats.(2015) Ismail SA et al. Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access. March 31, 2015. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/effect-of-exposure-to-electromagnetic-fields-emfs-on-monoamine-neurotransmitters-of-newborn-rats-2168-9652-1000156.php?aid=54578
- Microwave frequency Electromagnetic Fields (EMF’s) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression. (2015) Martin Pall. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Aug 21, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061815000599
- Possible cause for altered spatial cognition of prepubescent rats exposed to chronic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. (2015) Narayanan SN Metab Brain Dis. 2015 Oct;30(5):1193-206. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26033310
- Maternal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field provokes neuronal loss and pathological changes in cerebellum of 32-day-old female rat offspring. (2015) . Odacı E. J Chem Neuroanat. Sep 21, 2105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26391347
- Deleterious impacts of a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on hippocampal pyramidal neurons of 8-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats.(2015) Sahin, A. Brain Research. July 31, 2015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26239913
- Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. (2015) Suleyman Dasdag et al. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 91(7): 555–561. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25775055https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25775055
- Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related (2015) Yan-Hui Hao. Mil Med Res. 2015; 2: 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440565/
- Effects of fetal microwave radiationexposure on offspring behavior in mice. (2015) Zhang Y. J Radiat Res. 2015 Mar;56(2):261-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359903
- Evaluation of oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of rats exposed to 900 MHz radiation. (2014) Bratisl Lek Listy. 115(5):260-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174055
- Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation impairs neurite outgrowth of embryonic neural stem cells. (2014) Chunhai Cehn et al. Sci Rep. 2014; 4: 5103. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037711/
- Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic.(2014) Gurler HS et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2014 Oct;90(10):892-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24844368
- Maternal mobile phone exposure alters intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat offspring. (2014) Razavinsab M et al. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016 Jun;32(6):968-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604340
- Neural Cell Apoptosis Induced by Microwave Exposure Through Mitochondria-dependent Caspase-3 Pathway. (2014) Zuo H et al. Int J Med Sci. 2014; 11(5): 426–435. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970093/
- The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain. (2013) Aboul et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Jul;17(13):1782-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852905
- Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. (2013) Aldid, T.Nature. Scientific Reports 2, Article number: 312. Feb 18, 2013 http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120315/srep00312/full/srep00312.html
- Effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on oxidative stress in rat brain and serum.(2013) Bilgici B. Electromagn Biol Med. 2013 Mar;32(1):20-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301880
- Maternal cell phone and cordless phone use during pregnancy and behaviour problems in 5-year-old children. (2013) Guxens M. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013 May;67(5):432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23386674
- Maternal mobile phone exposure adversely affects the electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons in rat offspring. (2013) Haghani M. Oct 10;250:588-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906636
- Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. (2013) Kesari KK. Indian J Exp Biol. Mar;51(3):187-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23678539
- Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats. (2013) Narayanan SN. Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul;34(7):1117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22976773
- Detection of Low Level Microwave Radiation Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Vis-à-vis Genotoxicity in Brain of Fischer Rats. (2013) Pravin Suryakantrao Deshmukh etal., Toxicol Int. 2013 Jan-Apr; 20(1): 19–24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3702122/
- Oxidative stress induced by 1.8 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and effects of garlic extract in rats. (2012) Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK. Int J Radiat Biol. 2012 Nov;88(11):799-805. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788526
- Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. (2012) Fragopoulou AF et al. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;31(4)250-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263702
- Green Communication- A Stipulation to Reduce Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity from Cellular Phone. (2012) Kuman N. et al. Procedia Technology.Volume 4, 2012. Pages 682-686. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017312003891
- Calcium-binding proteins and GFAP immunoreactivity alterations in murine hippocampus after 1 month of exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency at SAR values of 1.6 and 4.0 W/kg.(2012) Maskey D. Neurosci Lett. 2012 Jan 11;506(2):292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22133805
- Melatonin modulates wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative injury through TRPM2 and voltage gated Ca(2+) channels in brain and dorsal root ganglion in rat. (2012) Nazıroğlu M et al. Physiol Behav. 2012;105(3):683–92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22019785
- Exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields elicits an HSP-related stress response in rat hippocampus. (2012) Yang, XS. Brain Res Bull. 2012 Jul 1;88(4):371-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513040
- Neuronal Death and Oxidative Stress in the Developing Brain.(2011) Chrysanthy Ikonomidou. ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING Volume 00, Number 0, 2011. https://neurology.wisc.edu/publications/2010%20Pubs/Ikonomidou-5.pdf
- Variations in amino acid neurotransmitters in some brain areas of adult and young male albino rats due to exposure to mobile phone radiation. (2011) Noor NA, Mohammed HS, Ahmed NA, Radwan NM. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Jul;15(7):729-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780540
- A study of neurotoxic biomarkers, c-fos and GFAP after acute exposure to GSM radiation at 900 MHz in the picrotoxin model of rat brains.(2011) Carballo-Quintas, I. Martinez-Silva, C. Cadarso-Suarez, M. Alvarez-Figueiras, F.J. AresPena, E. Lopez-Martin, , Neurotoxicology, 32 (2011) 478-494. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524663
- Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism. (2011) Volkow,N. 2011 Feb 23; 305(8): 808–813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343580 and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3184892/
- Gray matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: a voxel-based morphometry study. (2011) Zhou, Y. Eur J Radiol. 2011 Jul;79(1):92-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19926237
- GFAP expression in the rat brain following sub-chronic exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field signal. (2010) Ammari M. Int J Radiat Biol.2010 May;86(5):367-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397841
- Mutagenic response of 2.45 GHz radiation exposure on rat brain. (2010) Kesari KK, Behari J, Kumar S. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Apr;86(4):334-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353343
- Effect of 835 MHz radiofrequency radiation exposure on calcium binding proteins in the hippocampus of the mouse (2010) Maskey D1. Brain Res. Feb 8;1313:232-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19968972
- Chronic 835-MHz radiofrequency exposure to mice hippocampus alters the distribution of calbindin and GFAP immunoreactivity. (2010) Maskey D. Brain Res. 2010 Jul 30;1346:237-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20546709
- Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. (2010) Narayanan SN. Ups J Med Sci. 2010 May;115(2):91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095879
- The effect of mobile phone on the number of Purkinje cells: a stereological study. (2010) Rağbetli MC. Int J Radiat Biol. Jul;86(7):548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545571
- Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field. (2010) Sonmez OF. Brain Res. 2010 Oct 14;1356:95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2069116
- 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects qualitative and quantitative features of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the adult female rat. (2009) Bas O. Brain Res. 2009 Apr 10;1265:178-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19230827
- Chronic prenatal exposure to the 900 megahertz electromagnetic field induces pyramidal cell loss in the hippocampus of newborn rats. (2009) Bas O. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 Jul;25(6):377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671630
- Continuous exposure to 900MHz GSM-modulated EMF alters morphological maturation of neural cells. (2009) Del Vecchio et al. Neurosci Lett. 2009 May 22;455(3):173-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429115
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Seizures and RFR
- Azmy (2020) Effects of mobile phones electromagnetic radiation on patients with epilepsy: an EEG study. Azmy R et al. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 56, 36 (2020). https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-020-00167-2#article-info
- Bonilla-Jaime H et al. (2021)Sleep Disruption Worsens Seizures: Neuroinflammation as a Potential Mechanistic Link. In J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 20;22(22):12531. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34830412/
- Cinar N et al (2013) . What is the impact of electromagnetic waves on epileptic seizures? Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2013; 19: 141–145. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659130/
- Goldberg-Stern H et al. (2102) Effect of melatonin on seizure frequency in intractable epilepsy: a pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2012 Dec;27(12):1524-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22378657/
- Kouchaki E et al (2016) Effect of mobile phone radiation on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice. (2016) Kouchaki E et al. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2016 Jul;19(7):800-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27635206/
- Lopez-Martin E et al (2009) The action of pulse-modulated GSM radiation increases regional changes in brain activity and c-Fos expression in cortical and subcortical areas in a rat model of picrotoxin-induced seizure proneness. (2009) Lopez-Martin E et al. J Neurosci Res. 2009 May 1;87(6):1484-99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19115403/
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Other Related Articles on Brain Development
- Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. (2000) Environ Health Perspect. Rice D. 108(suppl 3):511–533 (2000). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.281.957
- Neuronal Death and Oxidative Stress in the Developing Brain. Ikonomidou C, Kaindl AM. (2011) Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Apr 15;14(8):1535-50.2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20919934