Update 5/1/20
Scientific Literature
Behavior and the ability to learn is based on the neural integration of memory. This is a complex and fragile system linking our peripheral nervous system and our central nervous system. Research has confirmed that our nervous system development can be affected by toxic exposures during fetal development and childhood, nutritional deficiencies as well as hormonal imbalance, especially thyroid hormone. We are aware of the hazards of chemical toxins, such as pesticides and industrial toxins as well as pharmaceuticals to pregnant women and children. It is well established that ionizing radiation can have adverse effects on development. New research is linking non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices we commonly use, such as Wi Fi, cell phones, tablets and laptops, to neurological harm, both prenatally and postnatally. There is some basic science research indicating microwave radio frequencies can cause cellular damage to nerve cells in the hippocampus and other areas of the brain. Scroll to bottom to link to separate articles in a special issue of the American Academy of Pediatrics Journal on Digital Media and Children 2017, which does include some articles on digital medial use and behavior/learning. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/Supplement_2
See also:
- Nervous System Effects: RF EMR Nervous System Effects
- Blood Brain Barrier: RF EMR Blood Brain Barrier Effects
- Prenatal Effects: RF EMR Prenatal Effects
- Reproductive Health Effects: https://mdsafetech.org/science/reproductive/
- Biological Mechanisms: RF EMR Biological Mechanisms- Oxidation
- Biological Mechanisms: RF EMR Biological Mechanisms- DNA and RNA
Newest Articles
- Association between estimated whole-brain radiofrequency electromagnetic fields dose and cognitive function in preadolescents and adolescents. (2021) Cabre- Riera A et al. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol 231. January 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463920306052
- Effects of mobile phones electromagnetic radiation on patients with epilepsy: an EEG study. (2020) Azmy R eat al. Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 56(1):36. Mar 16, 2020. https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s41983-020-00167-2
- Estimated whole-brain and lobe-specific radiofrequency electromagnetic fields doses and brain volumes in preadolescents. (2020) Cabre- Riera A et al. Environment International. Vol 142. Sept 2020.
- Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children. Hutton J et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2754101
- Association Between Maternal Exposure to Magnetic Field Nonionizing Radiation During Pregnancy and Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort.(2020) Li DK et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e201417. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2763232?guestAccessKey=cda77a0a-bfb6-4f74-99e0-0bdd2909bdb2&utm_source=silverchair&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=article_alert-jamanetworkopen&utm_term=mostread&utm_content=olf-widget_03302020
- Effect of electromagnetic radiation on redox status, acetylcholine esterase activity and cellular damage contributing to the diminution of the brain working memory in rats.(2020) Sharma S et al. J Chem Neuroanat. 2020 Mar 20:101784. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32205214/
- The influence of electromagnetic radiation of cell phones on the behavior of animals. (2020) Sultangaliyeva I et al. Veterinary World, 13(3):549-555. March 2020. http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.13/March-2020/23.pdf
- Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence. Boers E et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(9):853-859. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2737909
- Early‐Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6 J Mice. (2019) Broom KA et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019 Oct; 40(7): 498–511. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6790696/
- Effect of 1800-2100 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation on Learning-Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in Swiss Albino Mice. (2019) Kishore G et al. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 12(2): 14-17 (2019). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330729256_Effect_of_1800-2100_MHz_Electromagnetic_Radiation_on_Learning-Memory_and_Hippocampal_Morphology_in_Swiss_Albino_Mice
- Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. Madigan S et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):244-250. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2722666
- Are rises in Electro-Magnetic Field in the human environment, interacting with multiple environmental pollutions, the tipping point for increases in neurological deaths in the Western World? (2019) Pritchard C et al. Medical Hypotheses 127: 76-83 (2019). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987719300040?via%3Dihub
- Risks for health associated with use modes and radiation level of cell phones in modern younger schoolchildren. (2019) Vyatleva OA et al. [article in Russian] Gigiena i sanitariia 98(11):1267-1271. Nov 2019. https://www.medlit.ru/journalsview/gigsan/view/journal/en/2019/issue-11/3994-risks-for-health-associated-with-use-modes-and-radiation-level-of-cell-phones-in-modern-younger-schoolchildren/
- Mother’s Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields before and during Pregnancy is Associated with Risk of Speech Problems in Offspring. (2019) Zarei, S., et al. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 9(1):61-68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30881935
- A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. (2018) Forster M et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Jul 23;126(7):077007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108834/
- 2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning, memory, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat. (2018) Karimi N et al. Toxicology and Industrial Health 34(12): 873-883 (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30345889
- Mobile Phone Base Station Tower Settings Adjacent to School Buildings: Impact on Students’ Cognitive Health. Meo SA et al. American Journal of Men’s Health. December 7, 2018. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557988318816914
- Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure effects on amygdala morphology, place preference behavior and brain caspase-3 activity in rats. (2018) Narayanan SN et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;58:220-229. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29413766
- 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Hippocampal Learning and Spatial Memory: Involvement of Local Stress Mechanism-Induced Suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB Signaling. (2018) Shahain S et al. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Feb 1;161(2):349-374. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069439
Older Published Articles
- A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. (2018) Forster M et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Jul 23;126(7):077007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108834/
- Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure effects on amygdala morphology, place preference behavior and brain caspase-3 activity in rats. (2018) Narayanan SN et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;58:220-229. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29413766
- 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Hippocampal Learning and Spatial Memory: Involvement of Local Stress Mechanism-Induced Suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB Signaling. (2018) Shahin S et al. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Feb 1;161(2):349-374. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069439
- Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child behavioral problems in five birth cohorts. (2017) Birks L et al. Environ Int. 2017 Jul;104:122-131. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28392066
- The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. (2017) Hassanshahi A et al., Neurol Sci. 2017 Jun;38(6):1069-1076. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28332042
- Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice. (2017) Kim JH et al. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 20;7:41129. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep41129
- Is handheld screen time use associated with language delay in infants? (2017) Ma J et al. Abstract published in AAP http://www.aappublications.org/news/2017/05/04/PASScreenTime050417
- Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45GHz) on postnatal development and and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint. (2017) Othman H et al. Behave Brain Res. 2017 Mar 10;326:291-302. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288806
- Maternal cell phone use in early pregnancy and child’s language, communication and motor skills at 3 and 5 years: the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa). (2017) Papadopoulou E et al. BMC Public Health. 2017 Sep 5;17(1):685. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28870201
- Symptoms and the use of wireless communication devices: A prospective cohort study in Swiss adolescents. (2017) Schoeni A et al. Environmental Research. Volume 154, April 2017 , Pages 275-283. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935116305989?via%3Dihub
- Study on dose-dependent, frequency-dependent, and accumulative effects of 1.5 GHz and 2.856 GHz microwave on cognitive functions in Wistar rats. (2017) Tan S et al. Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 7;7(1):10781. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883530
- Effect of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on novel object associative recognition memory in mice. (2017) Wang K et al. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 17;7:44521. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28303965
- Acute Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Emitted by Mobile Phone on Brain Function. (2017) Zhang J et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 017 Jul;38(5):329-338. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28426166/
- Glial Markers and Emotional Memory in Rats Following Acute Cerebral Radiofrequency Exposures. (2016) Barthelemy A et al. Environ Sci Pollut REs Int. 2016 Dec;23(24):25343-25355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27696165/
- Effect of Low Level Subchronic Microwave Radiation on Rat Brain. (2016) Deshmukh PS et al. Biomed Environ Sci. 2016 Dec;29(12):858-867. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28081746
- Effects of 3 Hz and 60 Hz Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Anxiety-Like Behaviors, Memory Retention of Passive Avoidance and Electrophysiological Properties of Male Rats. (2016) Rostami A et al. J Lasers Med Sci Spring 2016;7(2):120-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27330708/
- Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration affects anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. (2016) Shehu A et al. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Apr;31(2):355-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26546224
- 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not aggravate memory deficits in 5xFAD mice. (2016) Son Y et al. Bioelectromagnetics 37(6):391–399. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108492/
- Social behavioral testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging in chicks exposed to mobile phone radiation during development. (2016) Zhou Z et al BMC Neurosci. 2016 Jun 10;17(1):36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27287450
- Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation. (2015) Deshmukh PS et al. Int J Toxicol. 2015 May-Jun;34(3):284-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749756
- Possible cause for altered spatial cognition of prepubescent rats exposed to chronic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. (2015) Narayanan SN et al. Metab Brain Dis. 2015 Oct;30(5):1193-206. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26033310
- Microwave frequency Electromagnetic Fields (EMF’s) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression. (2015) Pall. M. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Aug 21, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061815000599
- Memory performance, wireless communication and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A prospective cohort study in adolescents. (2015) Schoeni A. Environ Int. 2015 Dec;85:343-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474271
- 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. (2015) Shahin S et al. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Dec;148(2):380-99. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26396154
- Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. (2015) Zhang Y et al. J Radiat Res. 2015 Mar;56(2):261-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359903
- Behavior and memory evaluation of Wistar rats exposed to 1·8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. (2014) Júnior LC. Neurol Res. 2014 Sep;36(9):800-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24620965
- Effects of early-onset radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure (GSM 900 MHz) on behavior and memory in rats.(2014) Klose M et al. Radiat Res. 2014 Oct;182(4):435-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25251701/
- Evaluation of oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of rats exposed to 900 MHz radiation. ( 2014) Narayanan SN et al. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2014;115(5):260-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174055
- Effect of low level microwave radiation exposure on cognitive function and oxidative stress in rats. (2013) Deshmukh PS et al. ndian J Biochem Biophys. 2013 Apr;50(2):114-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720885
- Maternal cell phone and cordless phone use during pregnancy and behaviour problems in 5-year-old children. (2013) Guxens M et al. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013 May;67(5):432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23386674
- Effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure on spatial learning and memory in rats. (2013) Hao D et al. Neurol Sci. 2013 Feb;34(2):157-64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362331/
- Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats. (2013) Narayanan SN et al. Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul;34(7):1117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22976773
- Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. (2013) Aldid, T.Nature. Scientific Reports 2, Article number: 312. Feb 18, 2013. http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120315/srep00312/full/srep00312.html
- Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. (2012) Divan HA et al. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012 Jun;66(6):524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138897
- Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. (2012) Fragopoulou AF et al. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;31(4)250-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263702
- Microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and inflammation in brain of Fischer rats. (2012) Megha K et al. Indian J Exp Biol. 2012 Dec;50(12):889-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986973
- Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. 2010) Narayanan SN et al.Ups J Med Sci. 2010 May;115(2):91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095879
- Radiofrequency fields, transthyretin, and Alzheimer’s disease. Soderqvist F et al. J Alzheimers Disease. 2010;20(2):599-606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20164553/
- Use of mobile phones and changes in cognitive function in adolescents. (2010) Thomas S et al. Occup Environ Med. 2010 Dec;67(12):861-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798018/
- Mobile telephone use is associated with changes in cognitive function in young adolescents. (2009) Abramson MJ. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009 Dec;30(8):678-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644978/
- Spatial memory performance of Wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. (2009) Narayanan SN et al. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(3):231-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19330250
- Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. (2008) Nittby H et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008 Apr;29(3):219-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044737
- Chronic non-thermal exposure of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation alters thyroid hormones and behavior of male rats. (2008) Sinha RK et al. Int J Radiate Biol. 2008 Jun;84(6):505-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18470749
- Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base stations.(2007) Abdel-Rassoul G et al. Neurotoxicology. 2007 Mar;28(2):434-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16962663j
- Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations. (2007) Hutter HP et al. Occup Environ Med 2006;63:307-313. http://oem.bmj.com/content/63/5/307.abstract?ijkey=9ae18f97484bfbf95e6f8c3eb92b69fe356ef640&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
- The sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields. (2004) Kheifets L et al. Pediatrics. 2005 Aug;116(2):e303-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061584/
- Interaction of microwaves and a temporally incoherent magnetic field on spatial learning in the rat. (2004) Lai H. Physiol Behav. 2004 Oct 15;82(5):785-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451642
- Acute exposure to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves affects water-maze performance of rats. (2000) Wang B and Lai H.Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Jan;21(1):52-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615092
- Motor and psychological functions of school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia.(1996) Kolodynski AA. Science of the Total Environment.1996 Feb 2;180(1):87-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8717320
- Microwave radiation absorption: behavioral effects. (1991) D’Andrea JA. Health Phys. 1991 Jul;61(1):29-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2061046
- Reduced exposure to microwave radiation by rats: frequency specific effects. (1988) D’Andrea JA et al. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;257:289-308 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3344273
- Chronic exposure to ELF fields may induce depression. (1988) Wilson BW. Bioelectromagnetics. 1988;9(2):195-205. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3288221
- Behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 0.5 mW/cm2 of 2,450-MHz microwaves. (1987) DeWitt JR. Bioelectromagnetics. 1987;8(2):149-57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3619949
Related Articles on Memory, Learning, Behavior and ADHD
- Prevalence of problematic cell phone use in an adult population in Spain as assessed by the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). (2017) de-Sola J. . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181184. eCollection 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771626
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may be a highly inflammation and immune-associated disease (Review). (2017) Zhou RY et al. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Oct;16(4):5071-5077. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28849096
- Associations between allergic diseases and attention deficit hyperactivity/oppositional defiant disorders in children. (2016) Lin YT, Chen YC, Gau SS, et al. Pediatr Res. 2016;80(4):480-485. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27356086
- Mobile Phone Overuse Among Elementary School Students in Korea: Factors Associated With Mobile Phone Use as a Behavior Addiction. (2015) Kim R et al. J Addict Nurs. 2015 Apr-Jun;26(2):81-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26053080
- Working memory performance in typically developing children and adolescents: behavioral evidence of protracted frontal lobe development. (2007) Conklin HM. Dev Neuropsychol. 2007;31(1):103-28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17305440
- The development of nonverbal working memory and executive control processes in adolescents. Luciana M et al. Child Dev. 2005 May-Jun;76(3):697-712. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15892787/
- Mobile phone use and exposures in children. (2005) Schüz J. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;Suppl 7:S45-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16142783/
- [Symptoms experienced by people in vicinity of base stations: II/ Incidences of age, duration of exposure, location of subjects in relation to the antennas and other electromagnetic factors]. (2003) Santina R et al. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2003 Sep;51(7):412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12948762
American Academy of Pediatrics Digital Media Journal 2017
The American Academy of Pediatrics published a special Pediatrics Supplement Nov 2017. Volume 140. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/Supplement_2 The Articles can be downloaded and are as follows:
Pediatrics Journal Articles in Digital Media and Children Supplement Nov 2017
- Digital Screen Media and Cognitive Development
- Media Multitasking and Cognitive, Psychological, Neural, and Learning Differences
- enefits and Costs of Social Media in Adolescence
- Digital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children
- Internet Gaming Disorder in Children and Adolescents
- Screen Media Exposure and Obesity in Children and Adolescents
- mall Screen Use and Driving Safety
- Digital Inequality and Developmental Trajectories of Low-income, Immigrant, and Minority Children
- Global Perspectives on Children’s Digital Opportunities: An Emerging Research and Policy Agenda
- Screen Violence and Youth Behavior
- Defining Cyberbullying
- The Effect of Advertising on Children and Adolescents
- Social Group Stories in the Media and Child Development
- Sexual Media and Childhood Well-being and Health
Alzheimers Disease
- Radiofrequency fields, transthyretin, and Alzheimer’s disease. Soderqvist F et al. J Alzheimers Disease. 2010;20(2):599-606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20164553/